#2 Why is calling sin a disease a problem when trying to counsel biblically?

The Bible is clear that sin is a deliberate decision on the part of the sinner (Genesis 3:17) and that it is also something that for the believer, can be resisted. "Refrain from anger, and forsake wrath! fret not yourself; it tends only to evil." Psalm 37:18. Galatians 5:13 "For you were called to freedom, brothers. Only do not use your freedom as an opportunity for the flesh but through love serve one another." Calling sin a disease removes the responsibility for sinful behavior from the individual and places it on an outside influence. In order for sin to be conquered and overcome the individual must accept responsibility for his action and repent and turn from them. 1 Corinthians 10:13 demonstrates that a true believer does not need to be held captive to sin "No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to man. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptation he will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it."  If the sinner sees his sin as a disease- something out of his control - he will see no need for repentance. (i.e. you can not repent of cancer or a cold.) This assumption removes the importance of personal responsibility. The perspective that sin is merely an illness,  ultimately removes hope for a true solution and leaves the counselee assuming he has a disease he may never be able to escape when in reality he/she is simply stuck in sinful habits, that through Christ, could be overcome. (2 Timothy 2:15,22-26)

#1 What are the unscriptural presuppositions of psychology?

Secular psychology assumes several things that are contrary to scripture. The first of these assumptions is that man is basically good, which we know to be false based on Psalm 51: 3-5. This presupposition puts man in the place of being a victim of circumstances and, if taken full throttle, removes responsibility for sin and/or any questionable act.
Another false assumption made by the majority of modern psychologists is that man is autonomous. It assumes that man function and acts without the influence of other sources and that he has complete control of himself, his actions, and answers to none but himself.
Psychology also assumes that truth is relative- that there is no definite right or wrongs making the end goal of secular counseling merely behavioral change at best and personal happiness at the expense of others at it's worst. John 14:6 and 17:17 show us that truth is definite and where to find it.
The sum result of these false principles is that psychology does not understand who man is in relation to God. Man is not held accountable to God for sinful actions and is not viewed as a sinful creature in need of a Savior. Psychology ultimately removes the need for a Savior by placing man in charge of his own destiny and giving us the illusion of control.

#6 Summarize how you would help someone understand trials biblically using James 1:2-8

Every trial is going to be different and I would have to address each one differently, but generally speaking it would go something like this.
After listening a lot, I would seek to encourage the individual with the thought that it is normal for saints to suffer. James 1:2 says "when trials come", meaning they WILL come. It's not about whether or not they will, it's about "when". They are a common, and even expected, occurrence in the life of the believer. This is a common theme throughout Scripture as demonstrated by Jesus in John 16:33 "... In the world you will have tribulation...”; the Holy Spirit through the Apostle Paul in 2 Corinthians 1:8-9 " For we do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of the affliction we experienced in Asia. For we were so utterly burdened beyond our strength that we despaired of life itself. Indeed, we felt that we had received the sentence of death..." and 2 Corinthians 11:25-29 in which Paul lists numerous trials and persecutions that he underwent in the name of Christ. James demonstrates that trials are not purposeless. "for you know that the testing of your faith produces steadfastness. And let steadfastness have its full effect, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing." God has a goal and a desired result in the life of each believer, and that goal is that we may be complete. The above passages do not simply end with trials and pain. John 16:33 is not meant to frighten us but to give us peace. "I have said these things to you that in me you may have peace. In the world you will have tribulation, but take heart; I have overcome the world." 2 Corinthians 1:8-10 demonstrates God's faithfulness. "...indeed we felt we had received the sentence of death but that was to make us rely not on ourselves but on God who raises the dead. He delivered us from such a deadly peril and he will deliver us again." If you don't understand God's purposes in tribulation you will have doubts. James 1:5-8 addresses potential doubts that an individual might have. The problem is that the sufferer lacks wisdom, and the solution is "If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without reproach, and it will be given him. But let him ask in faith, with no doubting, for the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea that is driven and tossed by the wind. For that person must not suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord; he is a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways." A person can not be called to have joy in suffering without having hope. If the sufferer has nothing to hope in then they have no reason for joy. James 1:2 can call us to joy because of the hope we have in Christ shown in the latter part of Romans 8. "Who can separate us from the love of God?" "Who can bring a charge against the elect?" "No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through Him who loved us... (nothing) in all creation will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord." Our suffering has purpose, and it will come to an end. In this life we ought to expect it, focusing our minds on Christ and His desire for us to be "complete, lacking in nothing."